Cause and Effect

Signal words

When we talk about cause, we use the following signal words :

ü  Because

ü  The reason for

ü  On account of

ü  Bring about

ü  Give rise to

ü  Created by

ü  Contributed to

ü  Led to

ü  Due to

ü  For the reason

ü  unless

Signal Words

When we talk about an effect resulting form a certain cause, we use the following signal word :

ü  As a result

ü  Then

ü  Hence

ü  For the reason

ü  Therefore

ü  Outcome

ü  So

ü  Consequently

ü  Finally

ü  Therefore

ü  In order to

Signal word/phrase	+	Cause	+	Effect
Effect	+	Signal word/phrase	+	Cause

Sentence	Cause & Effect Relationship
Sumateran tigers are almost extinct because people killed to many of them	Cause – people killed to many of them Effect – sumatran tigers almost extinct
Haze is caused by massive forest burning.	Cause - massive forest burning Effect – haze
Since they are in love, they forgive each other’s mistakes.	Cause - They a re in love Effect - They forgive each other’s mistakes
Early man learnt to grow food, and as a result, their lives became easier.	Cause - Early man learnt to grow food Effect - their lives became easier

Let’s take a look at the sentence structure of cause and effect.

a.       Due to,   because of ,  owing to  and  thanks to are followed by a noun.               

Due to	+ Noun
Because of
Owing to
Thanks to

b. Because,  since,  as,  for  are followed by a verb.

Because	Subject + verb
Since
As
For
As a result of

Examples:

1.   Owing to her hard work and intelligence , we won the trophy.

2.   Thanks to Si and John’s effecve planning, the event went well.

3.   Because of his hard work, he managed to get the best student award.

4.   I have a stomachache because I ate too much food.

5.   There was a lot of homework and tests, as a result most of the students were unhappy and couldn’t go anywhere during the weekend.

Passive Voice

Passive Voice is When emphasis is on the acon ( verb ) and the object of a sentence rather than the subject of the sentence.

Changes of Pronouns from Acve Voice to Passive Voice

Pronoun in Acve Voice	Pronoun in Passive Voice
I	Me
We	Us
You	Yo u
He	Him
She	Her
It	It
They	Them

Rules for Changing Acve Voice to Passive Voice

Ø  Idenify the subject, the verb and the object: SVO.

Ø  Change the object into subject.

Ø  Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb. In case the helping verb is given, use the same verb but note that the helping verb given agrees with the object.

Ø  Change the verb into the past parciple form.

Ø  Add the preposion "by".

Ø  Change the subject into object.

Example

Acve Voice	Passive Voice
The teacher is going to explain the lesson.	The lesson is going to be explained by the teacher.
She closed the door.	The door was closed by her.

Forming Passive Voice

Tense	Be +Past Parciple	Example
Present Simple	am, is, are + made	The painng is made by her.
Present Progressive	am, is, are+ being+ sent	The book is being sent right now.
Present Perfect	has, have +been +sold	The copyrights of the books have been sold.
Past Simple	was, were+ invited	He was invited by Carl.
Past Progressive	was, were + being+washed	Their bikes were being washed while they were running in the park.
Past Perfect	Had+ been+ hired	All the employees had been hired before the school started.
Future (will)	Will be +signed	A contract will be signed by her.
Future (going to)	am, is , are+ going to be +built	A bridge is going to be built by them within the next few years.
Future Perfect	Will+ have been+ started	The job will have been started by the first of June.

Formula Passive Voice

Subject + to be (am/is/are) + past participle (pp)
Tense	Rumus Passive Voice	Contoh Passive Voice
Simple Present	am/is/are + pp	is created
Present Continuous	am/is/are being + pp	is being created
Simple Past	was/were + pp	was created
Past Continuous	was/were being + pp	was being created
Present Perfect	has/have been + pp	has been created
Past Perfect	had been + pp	had been created
Simple Future	will be + pp	will be created
Future Continuous	am/is/are going to be + pp	is going to be created
Future Perfect	will have been + pp	will have been created

Passive Voice with Get

Subject + to be + past participle (pp)
Tense	Rumus Passive Voice	Contoh Passive Voice
Simple Present	get/gets + pp	get treated
Present Continuous	am/is/are getting + pp	is getting treated
Simple Past	got + pp	got treated
Past Continuous	was/were getting + pp	was getting treated
Present Perfect	has/have gotten + pp	has gotten treated
Past Perfect	had gotten + pp	had gotten treated
Simple Future	will get + pp	will get treated
Future Continuous	am/is/are going to get + pp	is going to get treated
Future Perfect	will have gotten + pp	will have gotten treated